Dietas cetogénicas y su papel en la nutrición clínica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1607Palabras clave:
dieta cetogénica, dieta de Atkins, glioblastoma, cáncer, Alzheimer, Parkinson, Epilepsia, esclerosis múltiple, enfermedades neurológicas, obesidadResumen
Propósito de la revisión: La terapia médica nutricional con dieta cetogénica se ha empleado para el tratamiento de la epilepsia por casi un siglo. En la actualidad, resurge para la reducción rápida de peso y su empleo en atletas; también se ha estudiado en enfermedades como las neurológicas, el cáncer, la obesidad y la diabetes de tipo II. En esta revisión se definen los diferentes tipos de dietas cetogénicas, se explican los fundamentos metabólicos, se exploran nuevos conocimientos sobre los mecanismos relacionados en las diferentes enfermedades, y se alerta sobre sus riesgos y consecuencias. Hallazgos recientes: Se ha sugerido que las dietas cetogénicas no solo mejoran el control de las convulsiones, sino que también causan un impacto en diferentes afecciones neurológicas, pueden controlar el crecimiento tumoral y contribuyen al control de la obesidad; además, se han observado resultados diversos cuando se usan para mejorar el rendimiento en atletas y en voluntarios sanos. Discusión: Se han encontrado resultados positivos con el empleo de las dietas cetogénicas en diferentes enfermedades. Existen dificultades en la estandarización de los datos, debido a la inexactitud de la información con respecto al consumo de alimentos y al cumplimiento de la dieta a largo plazo. El número limitado de pacientes y su deserción hacen difícil la reproducción y generalización de los resultados de este tratamiento nutricional. Conclusiones: La dieta cetogénica no es inocua. Se necesita que su indicación, implementación y seguimiento estén a cargo de profesionales de la salud idóneos, quienes pueden prever los riesgos y los beneficios que se pueden obtener en cada una de las indicaciones.
Biografía del autor/a
Patricia Savino Lloreda, Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición
ND, MBA. Miembro Asociado Academia Nacional de Medicina. Directora del Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición.
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2. Kverneland M, Molteberg E, Iversen PO, Veierød MB, Taubøll E, Selmer K, et al. Effect of modified Atkins diet in adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy: A randomized clinical trial. Epilepsia. 2018;59(8):1567–76.
3. Sremanakova J, Sowerbutts AM, Burden S. A systematic review of the use of ketogenic diets in adult patients with cancer. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2018;31(6):793–802.
4. Klement RJ. The emerging role of ketogenic diets in cancer treatment. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2019;22(2):129–34.
5. Phillips MCL, Murtagh DKJ, Gilbertson LJ, Asztely FJS, Lynch CDP. Low-fat versus ketogenic diet in Parkinson’s disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2018;33(8):1306–14.
6. Brenton JN, Banwell B, Bergqvist AGC, Lehner-Gulotta D, Gampper L, LeythamE, et al. Pilot study of a ketogenic diet in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6(4):e565.
7. Evcili G, Utku U, Öğün MN, Özdemir G. Early and long period follow-up results of low glycemic index diet for migraine prophylaxis. Agri. 2018;30(1):8–11.
8. Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Williams PT, Bhanpuri NH, Peters AL, Campbell W, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(2):583–612.
9. Ota M, Matsuo J, Ishida I, Takano H, Yokoi Y, HoriH, et al. Effects of a medium-chain triglyceride-based ketogenic formula on cognitive function in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2019;690:232–6.
10. Vargas S, Romance R, Petro JL, Bonilla DA, Galancho I, Espinar S, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet on body composition during resistance training in trained men: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):31. Dhamija R, Eckert S, Wirrell E. Ketogenic diet. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013;40(2):158–67.
11. Huttenlocher PR, Wilbourn AJ, Signore JM. Mediumchain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. Neurology. 1971;21(11):1097–103.
12. Walczyk T, Wick JY. The Ketogenic Diet: Making a Comeback. Consult Pharm. 2017;32(7):388–96.
13. Paoli A, Bianco A, Damiani E, Bosco G. Ketogenic diet in neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:474296.
14. Medeiros D, Wildman R, editores. Lipids: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. En: Advanced Human NutritionthCuarta edición. Jones & Barlett Learning; 2019. p. 111-146.
15. Mayes P. Metabolismo de lípidos. En: Harper H, editor. Manual de química fisiológica. Cuarta edición. México: Litografía Maico; 1973. p. 297–343.
16. McDonald TJW, Cervenka MC. The Expanding Role of Ketogenic Diets in Adult Neurological Disorders. Brain Sci. 2018;8(8).
17. Hipócrates. The genuine work of Hippocrates. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 193p.
18. Guelpa G, Marie A. La lutte contre l’épilepsie par la désintoxication et par la rééducation alimentaire. Rev Ther Medico-Chirurgicale. 1911;78:8–13.
19. Conklin HW. Cause and treatment of epilepsy. J Am Osteopathic Assoc. 1922;26:11–4.
20. Wilder HH. Anthropometric measurements. Science. 1921;53(1358):20.
21. Martin-McGill KJ, Jackson CF, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, Cooper PN. Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11:CD001903.
22. Hong AM, Turner Z, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH. Infantile spasms treated with the ketogenic diet: prospective single-center experience in 104 consecutive infants. Epilepsia. 2010;51(8):1403–7.
23. Caraballo RH. Nonpharmacologic treatments of Dravet syndrome: focus on the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2011;52(Suppl 2):79–82.
24. Nabbout R, Copioli C, Chipaux M, Chemaly N, Desguerre I, Dulac O, et al. Ketogenic diet also benefits Dravet syndrome patients receiving stiripentol: a prospective pilot study. Epilepsia. 2011;52(7):e54-57.
25. Caraballo RH, Cersósimo RO, Sakr D, Cresta A, Escobal N, Fejerman N. Ketogenic diet in patients with myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. Epileptic Disord. 2006;8(2):151–5.
26. Kilaru S, Bergqvist AGC. Current treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy: clinical experience at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Epilepsia. 2007;48(9):1703–7.
27. Lemmon ME, Terao NN, Ng Y-T, Reisig W, Rubenstein JE, Kossoff EH. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a retrospective review of one institution’s experience and summary of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(5):464–8.
28. Nabbout R, Mazzuca M, Hubert P, Peudennier S, Allaire C, FlurinV, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet in severe refractory status epilepticus initiating fever induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school age children (FIRES). Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):2033–7.
29. Kang H-C, Lee YJ, Lee JS, Lee EJ, Eom S, You SJ, et al. Comparison of short- versus long-term ketogenic diet for intractable infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 2011;52(4):781–7.
30. Cusmai R, Martinelli D, Moavero R, Dionisi Vici C, Vigevano F, Castana C, et al. Ketogenic diet in early myoclonic encephalopathy due to non ketotic hyperglycinemia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16(5):509–13.
31. Nangia S, Caraballo RH, Kang H-C, Nordli DR, Scheffer IE. Is the ketogenic diet effective in specific epilepsy syndromes? Epilepsy Res. 2012;100(3):252–7.
32. Mosek A, Natour H, Neufeld MY, Shiff Y, Vaisman N. Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: a prospective pilot study. Seizure. 2009;18(1):30–3.
33. Klein P, Janousek J, Barber A, Weissberger R. Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;19(4):575–9.
34. Kossoff EH, Rowley H, Sinha SR, Vining EPG. A prospective study of the modified Atkins diet for intractable epilepsy in adults. Epilepsia. 2008;49(2):316–9.
35. Swerdlow RH. Brain aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1812(12):1630– 9.
36. Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH. Amyloid precursor protein processing and bioenergetics. Brain Res Bull. 2017;133:71–9.
37. Castellano C-A, Nugent S, Paquet N, Tremblay S, Bocti C, LacombeG, et al. Lower brain 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake but normal 11C-acetoacetate metabolism in mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(4):1343–53.
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Cómo citar
[1]
Savino Lloreda, P. 2021. Dietas cetogénicas y su papel en la nutrición clínica. Medicina. 43, 2 (jul. 2021), 286–310. DOI:https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1607.
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2021-07-18
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