Neoplasias del tracto genitourinario: historia de los grandes avances
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1568Palabras clave:
cáncer de próstata, carcinoma urotelial, tumor germinal, cáncer de peneResumen
Se presenta una reseña histórica de los avances en oncología en tumores genitourinarios. Avances que, desde su incorporación al arsenal terapéutico, no se modificaron hasta la actualidad. Y muchos de ellos son usados en otros modelos tumorales.
Biografía del autor/a
Martín Angel, Instituto Alexander Fleming. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina
Oncológo Clínico Staff de la Unidad de Tumores Genitourinarios. Instituto Alexander Fleming. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina.
Albano Blanco, Fundación Cáncer. FUCA. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina.
Jefe de Residentes Oncología clínica. Fundación Cáncer. FUCA. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina.
Federico Losco, Instituto Alexander Fleming. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina
Oncológo Clínico Staff de la Unidad de Tumores Genitourinarios. Instituto Alexander Fleming. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina.
Daniel Bustos, Instituto Alexander Fleming. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina
Imagenólogo Staff del Departamento de Oncoimágenes. Instituto Alexander Fleming. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina.
Referencias bibliográficas
1 Hajdu SI. A Note From History : Landmarks in History of Cancer , Part 1. Cancer. 2011;8(805):1097–102.
2. Ghabili AK, Tosoian JJ, Schaeffer EM, Christian P, Golzari SEJ, Khajir G et al. The History of Prostate Cancer from Antiquity : Review of Paleopathological Studies. Urology. 2016;97:8-12.
3. Deeley TJ. A brief history of cancer. Clin Radiol. 1983;34(6):597–608.
4. Sanabria MV. Revisión bibliográfica. evolucion historica de las autopsias y situacion actual en Costa Rica. 2014;31(2)
5. FELDMAN M. Clinical Roentgenology of the Digestive Tract. Am J Med Sci. 1945;210(2):269.
6. Hajdu SI. A Note From History : Landmarks in History of Cancer , Part 2.Cancer. 2011;(805):2811–20.
7. Papac RJ. Origins of cancer therapy. Yale J Biol Med. 2001;74(6):391–8.
8. Hajdu SI, Darvishian F. A Note From History : Landmarks in History of Cancer , Part 5. Cancer. 2012;1–17.
9. Blood OFTHE, Bone THE, In M, Forms C, Poisoning OFGAS. OF THE BLOOD AND THE BONE Hematologic picture of central injury with intact dura : shift of the Arneth scale to the right at this period. 2015;570.
10. Davis W, Larionov LF. Progress in Chemotherapy of Cancer. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;30(3):327–41.
11. Samuels ML, Howe CD. Vinblastine in the management of testicular cancer. Cancer. 1970;25(5):1009–17.
12. Li MC, Whitmore Jr, Grabstald H, Golbey R. Effects of Combined Drug Therapy Metastatic Cancer of the Testis on. 1960;174:1291-1299.
13. Rosenberg B, Van Camp L. Krigas, T.Inhibition of cell division in Escherichia coli bv elertrolysis products from a platinum electrode. Nature. 1965;205: 1465-1 475.
14. Higby J, Wallace HJ, Albert DJ, Holland JF. Diaminodichloroplatinum: a phase i study showing responses i n testicular and other tumors. Cancer. 1974:33(5):1219– 25.
15. Einhorn LH. Testicular Cancer as a Model for a Curable Neoplasm : The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture.Cancer Res. 1981;41(9 Pt 1):3275–80.
16. Einhorn LH, Donohue J. Combination Chemotherapy in Disseminated Testicular Cancer.Semin Oncol. 1977;293–8.
17. Garland J, The New England Journal of Medicine and Massachusetts Medical Society. N Engl J Med. 1952;246(21):801-806.
18. Meresse P, Dechaux E, Monneret C, Bertounesque E. Etoposide : Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry.Curr Med Chem. 2004;11(18):2443–66.
19. Motzer RJ, Nichols CJ, Margolin KA, Bacik J, Richardson PG, Vogelzang NJ et al.Phase III Randomized Trial of Conventional-Dose Chemotherapy With or Without High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Rescue As First-Line Treatment for Patients With Poor-Prognosis Metastatic Germ Cell.J Clin Oncol. 2020;25(3):247–56.
20. Gines Rubio J.Antieméticos y quimioterapia: evolución histórica y estudio comparativo de los antagonistas de la serotonina.Farm Hosp. 2000; 24(4):187-241.
21. Nyirády P. Penile cancer. Orv Hetil. 2006;147(45):2190– 1.
22. Horenblas.Lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis . Part 2 : The role and technique of lymph node dissection. BJU Int. 2001;88(5):473-83.
23. Ficarra V, Akduman B, Bouchot O, Palou J, TobiasMachado M. Prognostic Factors in Penile Cancer.Urology. 2010;76(2):S66–73.
24. Cabanas RM. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer. 1977;39(2):456–66.
25. Cabanas RM. The concept of the sentinel lymph node. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2000;157(1):109–20.
26. Gallegos-Hernández JF. El ganglio centinela. Concepto y aplicaciones prácticas en oncología. Rev Mex Anestesiol. 2007;30(S1):193–9.
27. Morton DL, Wen D, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK et al. Technical Details of Intraoperative Lymphatic Mapping for Early Stage Melanoma. Arch Surg. 1992;127(4):392-399.
28. Alex JC, Krag DN. Gamma-probe guided localization of lymph nodes. Surg Oncol. 1993;2(3):137–43.
29. Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Comprehensive K. A history of prostate cancer treatment.Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(5):389–96.
30. Huggins C, Hodges C V. Studies on Prostatic Cancer.J Urol. 2002;168(1):9-12
31. Schally A V., Kastin AJ, Arimura A. Hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-regulating hormone: structure, physiology, and clinical studies. Fertil Steril . 1971;22(11):703–21.
32. Popiolek M, Rider JR, Andrén O, Anderson SO,Holmberg L, Adami HO et al. Natural History of Early, Localized Prostate Cancer : A Final Report from Three Decades of Follow-up. Eur Urol. 2013;63(3): 428-35.
33. Smith M, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik B, Graff J et al. Apalutamide Treatment and Metastasis-free Survival in Prostate Cancer. Clinical Trial. 2018;378(15):1408-1418.
34. Varenhorst E, Wallentin L, Carlström K. The effects of orchidectomy, estrogens, and cyproterone acetate on plasma testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations in patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1982;16(1):31–6.
35. Liao S, Howell DK, Chang T. Action of a Nonsteroidal Antiandrogen, Flutamide, on the Receptor Binding and Nuclear Retention of 5a-Dihydrotestosterone in Rat Ventral Prostate. 1974;94(4):1205–9.
36. Seidenfeld J, Samson DJ, Hasselblad V, Aronson N, Albertsen PC, Bennett CL, et al. Single-Therapy Androgen Suppression in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2000;132(7):566–77.
37. Chodak G, Sharifi R, Kasimis B, Block NL, MaCramalla E, Kennealey GT. Single-agent therapy with bicalutamide: A comparison with medical or surgical castration in the treatment of advanced prostate carcinoma. Urology. 1995;46(6):849–55.
38. Jewett HJ. Radical perineal prostatectomy for carcinoma: an analysis of cases at Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1904-1954. J Am Med Assoc. 1954;156(11):1039- 1041.
39. Millin T. Retropubic prostatectomy; a new extravesical technique; report of 20 cases. Lancet. 1945; 2(6380): 693-696.
40. Walsh PC, Lepor H, Eggleston JC. Radical Prostatectomy With Preservation of Sexual Function : Anatomical and Pathological Considerations. 1983;4(5):473– 85.
41. Papsidero LD, Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. A Prostate Antigen in Sera of Prostatic Cancer Patients. 1980;40(7):2428–32.
42. Holm HH, Juul N, Pedersen JF, Hansen H, Strøyer I. Transperineal 125Iodine Seed Implantation in Prostatic Cancer Guided by Transrectal Ultrasonography. J Urol. 1983;130(2):283-286.43. Bagshaw MA, Kaplan HS, Sagerman RH. Linear Accelerator Supervoltage Radiotherapy. Vii. Carcinoma of the prostate.. Radiology. 1965;85:121–9.
43. Gay HA, Michalski JM. Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.Mo Med. 2018;115(2):146–50.
44. Mukherji D, Omlin A, Pezaro C, Shamseddine A, de Bono J. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer ( CRPC ): preclinical and clinical evidence for the sequential use of novel therapeutics.Cancer mestastasis rev. 2014;33(2-3):555-66
45. Freedland S, Mangold L, Walsh PC, Partin AW. The prostatic specific antigen era is alive and well: prostatic specific antigen and biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2005;174(4 Pt 1):1276-81.
46. Fizazi K, Shore N, Tammela TL, Ulys A, Vjaters E, Polyakov S, et al. Darolutamide in Nonmetastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(13):1235–46.
47. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, Chi KN, Jones RJ et al. Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer : fi nal overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised , double-blind , placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(10):983–92.
48. Evans CP, Higano CS, Keane T, Andriole G, Saad F, Iversen P et al. The PREVAIL Study : Primary Outcomes by Site and Extent of Baseline Disease for Enzalutamide-treated Men with ¨ ve Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol . 2016;70(4):675-683.
49. Smith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik BA, Graff JN, et al. Apalutamide Treatment and Metastasis-free Survival in Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(15):1408–18.
50. de Bono J, Mateo J, Fizazi K, Saad F, Shore N, Sandhu S et al. Olaparib for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2091– 102.
51. Hajdu SI. A Note From History : Landmarks in History of Cancer , Part 4. Cancer. 2012;118(20):4914-28.
52. Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J, Sonpavde G, Hutson T, Oh WK et al. Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer “ Unfit ” for Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(17):2432-8.
53. De Santis M, Bellmunt J, Mead G, Kerst MJ, Leahy M, Maroto P et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/ carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer “unfit” for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: Phase II - Results of EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol.2012;30(3)191-9..
54. De Santis M, Wiechno PJ, Bellmunt J, Lucas C, Su WC, Albiges L et al. Vinflunine-gemcitabine versus vinflunine-carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in cisplatin-unfit patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma: Results of an international randomized phase II trial (JASINT1). Ann Oncol. 2016;27(3):449–54.
55. de Wit R, Kulkarni GS, Uchio E, Singer EA, Krieger L, Grivas P, et al. Pembrolizumab for high-risk (HR) non– muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) unresponsive to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG): Phase II KEYNOTE-057 trial. Ann Oncol . 2018;29(Sup. 8):viii304.
56. Rosenberg JE, Hoffman-Censits J, Powles T, Van Der Heijden MS, Balar A V., Necchi A et al. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: A single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1909–20.
57. Powles T, O’Donnell PH, Massard C, Arkenau HT, Friedlander TW, Hoimes CJ et al. Efficacy and safety of durvalumab in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: Updated results from a phase 1/2 open-label study. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(9):1–10.
58. Patel MR, Ellerton J, Infante JR, Agrawal M, Gordon M, Aljumaily R, et al. Avelumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum failure (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): pooled results from two expansion cohorts of an open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(1):51–64.
59. Chuaire L, Cediel JF. Paul Ehrlich : de las tinciones a las balas mágicas. Colomb Med. 2008;39(3):291–5.
60. Mccarthy EF. The toxins of William B. Coley and the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Iowa Orthop J. 2006;26:154–8.
61. McCarthy, E. F. The toxins of William B. Coley and the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Iowa Orthop J. 2006;26:154-8.
62. Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol. 1976;116(2):180–2
63. Lee, C., & Slade, P. Miscarriage as a traumatic event: a review of the literature and new implications for intervention. J Psychosom Res.1996; 40(3): 235-244.
64. Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE, Warner GA. Demonstration of cell-mediated immunity to human neoplasms of various histological types. 19717(1):1-16.
65. Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975; 256(5517): 495-499.
2. Ghabili AK, Tosoian JJ, Schaeffer EM, Christian P, Golzari SEJ, Khajir G et al. The History of Prostate Cancer from Antiquity : Review of Paleopathological Studies. Urology. 2016;97:8-12.
3. Deeley TJ. A brief history of cancer. Clin Radiol. 1983;34(6):597–608.
4. Sanabria MV. Revisión bibliográfica. evolucion historica de las autopsias y situacion actual en Costa Rica. 2014;31(2)
5. FELDMAN M. Clinical Roentgenology of the Digestive Tract. Am J Med Sci. 1945;210(2):269.
6. Hajdu SI. A Note From History : Landmarks in History of Cancer , Part 2.Cancer. 2011;(805):2811–20.
7. Papac RJ. Origins of cancer therapy. Yale J Biol Med. 2001;74(6):391–8.
8. Hajdu SI, Darvishian F. A Note From History : Landmarks in History of Cancer , Part 5. Cancer. 2012;1–17.
9. Blood OFTHE, Bone THE, In M, Forms C, Poisoning OFGAS. OF THE BLOOD AND THE BONE Hematologic picture of central injury with intact dura : shift of the Arneth scale to the right at this period. 2015;570.
10. Davis W, Larionov LF. Progress in Chemotherapy of Cancer. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;30(3):327–41.
11. Samuels ML, Howe CD. Vinblastine in the management of testicular cancer. Cancer. 1970;25(5):1009–17.
12. Li MC, Whitmore Jr, Grabstald H, Golbey R. Effects of Combined Drug Therapy Metastatic Cancer of the Testis on. 1960;174:1291-1299.
13. Rosenberg B, Van Camp L. Krigas, T.Inhibition of cell division in Escherichia coli bv elertrolysis products from a platinum electrode. Nature. 1965;205: 1465-1 475.
14. Higby J, Wallace HJ, Albert DJ, Holland JF. Diaminodichloroplatinum: a phase i study showing responses i n testicular and other tumors. Cancer. 1974:33(5):1219– 25.
15. Einhorn LH. Testicular Cancer as a Model for a Curable Neoplasm : The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture.Cancer Res. 1981;41(9 Pt 1):3275–80.
16. Einhorn LH, Donohue J. Combination Chemotherapy in Disseminated Testicular Cancer.Semin Oncol. 1977;293–8.
17. Garland J, The New England Journal of Medicine and Massachusetts Medical Society. N Engl J Med. 1952;246(21):801-806.
18. Meresse P, Dechaux E, Monneret C, Bertounesque E. Etoposide : Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry.Curr Med Chem. 2004;11(18):2443–66.
19. Motzer RJ, Nichols CJ, Margolin KA, Bacik J, Richardson PG, Vogelzang NJ et al.Phase III Randomized Trial of Conventional-Dose Chemotherapy With or Without High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Rescue As First-Line Treatment for Patients With Poor-Prognosis Metastatic Germ Cell.J Clin Oncol. 2020;25(3):247–56.
20. Gines Rubio J.Antieméticos y quimioterapia: evolución histórica y estudio comparativo de los antagonistas de la serotonina.Farm Hosp. 2000; 24(4):187-241.
21. Nyirády P. Penile cancer. Orv Hetil. 2006;147(45):2190– 1.
22. Horenblas.Lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis . Part 2 : The role and technique of lymph node dissection. BJU Int. 2001;88(5):473-83.
23. Ficarra V, Akduman B, Bouchot O, Palou J, TobiasMachado M. Prognostic Factors in Penile Cancer.Urology. 2010;76(2):S66–73.
24. Cabanas RM. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer. 1977;39(2):456–66.
25. Cabanas RM. The concept of the sentinel lymph node. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2000;157(1):109–20.
26. Gallegos-Hernández JF. El ganglio centinela. Concepto y aplicaciones prácticas en oncología. Rev Mex Anestesiol. 2007;30(S1):193–9.
27. Morton DL, Wen D, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK et al. Technical Details of Intraoperative Lymphatic Mapping for Early Stage Melanoma. Arch Surg. 1992;127(4):392-399.
28. Alex JC, Krag DN. Gamma-probe guided localization of lymph nodes. Surg Oncol. 1993;2(3):137–43.
29. Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Comprehensive K. A history of prostate cancer treatment.Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(5):389–96.
30. Huggins C, Hodges C V. Studies on Prostatic Cancer.J Urol. 2002;168(1):9-12
31. Schally A V., Kastin AJ, Arimura A. Hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-regulating hormone: structure, physiology, and clinical studies. Fertil Steril . 1971;22(11):703–21.
32. Popiolek M, Rider JR, Andrén O, Anderson SO,Holmberg L, Adami HO et al. Natural History of Early, Localized Prostate Cancer : A Final Report from Three Decades of Follow-up. Eur Urol. 2013;63(3): 428-35.
33. Smith M, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik B, Graff J et al. Apalutamide Treatment and Metastasis-free Survival in Prostate Cancer. Clinical Trial. 2018;378(15):1408-1418.
34. Varenhorst E, Wallentin L, Carlström K. The effects of orchidectomy, estrogens, and cyproterone acetate on plasma testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations in patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1982;16(1):31–6.
35. Liao S, Howell DK, Chang T. Action of a Nonsteroidal Antiandrogen, Flutamide, on the Receptor Binding and Nuclear Retention of 5a-Dihydrotestosterone in Rat Ventral Prostate. 1974;94(4):1205–9.
36. Seidenfeld J, Samson DJ, Hasselblad V, Aronson N, Albertsen PC, Bennett CL, et al. Single-Therapy Androgen Suppression in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2000;132(7):566–77.
37. Chodak G, Sharifi R, Kasimis B, Block NL, MaCramalla E, Kennealey GT. Single-agent therapy with bicalutamide: A comparison with medical or surgical castration in the treatment of advanced prostate carcinoma. Urology. 1995;46(6):849–55.
38. Jewett HJ. Radical perineal prostatectomy for carcinoma: an analysis of cases at Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1904-1954. J Am Med Assoc. 1954;156(11):1039- 1041.
39. Millin T. Retropubic prostatectomy; a new extravesical technique; report of 20 cases. Lancet. 1945; 2(6380): 693-696.
40. Walsh PC, Lepor H, Eggleston JC. Radical Prostatectomy With Preservation of Sexual Function : Anatomical and Pathological Considerations. 1983;4(5):473– 85.
41. Papsidero LD, Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. A Prostate Antigen in Sera of Prostatic Cancer Patients. 1980;40(7):2428–32.
42. Holm HH, Juul N, Pedersen JF, Hansen H, Strøyer I. Transperineal 125Iodine Seed Implantation in Prostatic Cancer Guided by Transrectal Ultrasonography. J Urol. 1983;130(2):283-286.43. Bagshaw MA, Kaplan HS, Sagerman RH. Linear Accelerator Supervoltage Radiotherapy. Vii. Carcinoma of the prostate.. Radiology. 1965;85:121–9.
43. Gay HA, Michalski JM. Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.Mo Med. 2018;115(2):146–50.
44. Mukherji D, Omlin A, Pezaro C, Shamseddine A, de Bono J. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer ( CRPC ): preclinical and clinical evidence for the sequential use of novel therapeutics.Cancer mestastasis rev. 2014;33(2-3):555-66
45. Freedland S, Mangold L, Walsh PC, Partin AW. The prostatic specific antigen era is alive and well: prostatic specific antigen and biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2005;174(4 Pt 1):1276-81.
46. Fizazi K, Shore N, Tammela TL, Ulys A, Vjaters E, Polyakov S, et al. Darolutamide in Nonmetastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(13):1235–46.
47. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, Chi KN, Jones RJ et al. Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer : fi nal overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised , double-blind , placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(10):983–92.
48. Evans CP, Higano CS, Keane T, Andriole G, Saad F, Iversen P et al. The PREVAIL Study : Primary Outcomes by Site and Extent of Baseline Disease for Enzalutamide-treated Men with ¨ ve Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol . 2016;70(4):675-683.
49. Smith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik BA, Graff JN, et al. Apalutamide Treatment and Metastasis-free Survival in Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(15):1408–18.
50. de Bono J, Mateo J, Fizazi K, Saad F, Shore N, Sandhu S et al. Olaparib for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2091– 102.
51. Hajdu SI. A Note From History : Landmarks in History of Cancer , Part 4. Cancer. 2012;118(20):4914-28.
52. Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J, Sonpavde G, Hutson T, Oh WK et al. Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer “ Unfit ” for Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(17):2432-8.
53. De Santis M, Bellmunt J, Mead G, Kerst MJ, Leahy M, Maroto P et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/ carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer “unfit” for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: Phase II - Results of EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol.2012;30(3)191-9..
54. De Santis M, Wiechno PJ, Bellmunt J, Lucas C, Su WC, Albiges L et al. Vinflunine-gemcitabine versus vinflunine-carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in cisplatin-unfit patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma: Results of an international randomized phase II trial (JASINT1). Ann Oncol. 2016;27(3):449–54.
55. de Wit R, Kulkarni GS, Uchio E, Singer EA, Krieger L, Grivas P, et al. Pembrolizumab for high-risk (HR) non– muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) unresponsive to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG): Phase II KEYNOTE-057 trial. Ann Oncol . 2018;29(Sup. 8):viii304.
56. Rosenberg JE, Hoffman-Censits J, Powles T, Van Der Heijden MS, Balar A V., Necchi A et al. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: A single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1909–20.
57. Powles T, O’Donnell PH, Massard C, Arkenau HT, Friedlander TW, Hoimes CJ et al. Efficacy and safety of durvalumab in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: Updated results from a phase 1/2 open-label study. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(9):1–10.
58. Patel MR, Ellerton J, Infante JR, Agrawal M, Gordon M, Aljumaily R, et al. Avelumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum failure (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): pooled results from two expansion cohorts of an open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(1):51–64.
59. Chuaire L, Cediel JF. Paul Ehrlich : de las tinciones a las balas mágicas. Colomb Med. 2008;39(3):291–5.
60. Mccarthy EF. The toxins of William B. Coley and the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Iowa Orthop J. 2006;26:154–8.
61. McCarthy, E. F. The toxins of William B. Coley and the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Iowa Orthop J. 2006;26:154-8.
62. Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol. 1976;116(2):180–2
63. Lee, C., & Slade, P. Miscarriage as a traumatic event: a review of the literature and new implications for intervention. J Psychosom Res.1996; 40(3): 235-244.
64. Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE, Warner GA. Demonstration of cell-mediated immunity to human neoplasms of various histological types. 19717(1):1-16.
65. Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975; 256(5517): 495-499.
Cómo citar
[1]
Angel, M. et al. 2021. Neoplasias del tracto genitourinario: historia de los grandes avances. Medicina. 42, 4 (feb. 2021), 683–692. DOI:https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1568.
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