VIH/SIDA, la pandemia del cambio de milenio
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1522Palabras clave:
VIH, Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia adquirida, Historia, brotes de enfermedades, Enfermedades transmisibles emergentes, PandemiasResumen
La irrupción del VIH-SIDA en el panorama de las enfermedades contemporáneas, significó retos insospechados para la ciencia y desató fenómenos inéditos dentro de la cultura popular y el manejo de las políticas públicas. Este artículo hace un recuento de la lucha contra la pandemia desde los momentos inciertos de las exploraciones iniciales para identificar su origen, hasta el hallazgo de medicamentos antivirales que han logrado frenar el ritmo de su expansión. Además de repasar las cifras de los estragos que el SIDA ha causado en ciertas poblaciones, presenta la secuencia de las principales creencias y reacciones sociales que, por una parte facilitaron el surgimiento de una cultura de discriminación en contra de ciertos grupos sociales, y por otra, motivaron acciones de defensa de las víctimas de la pandemia y de solidaridad con la causa de luchar contra el contagio del virus. Finalmente, entra de lleno a presentar el SIDA como problema público y describe el proceso del desarrollo científico que, a partir de la identificación del VIH, condujo a la producción de antivirales, siempre con la mirada puesta en la obtención de una vacuna
Biografía del autor/a
Ángela María Ruiz Sternberg, Universidad del Rosario
MD, Gineco-Obstetra, Fellow en Medicina Reproductiva, MSc en Epidemiología. Universidad del Rosario. Bogotá, Colombia.
Eduardo Barajas Sandoval, Universidad del Rosario
Abogado, MA Politics and Goverment, MA Entreprises Publiques et Développement. Universidad del Rosario. Bogotá, Colombia
Referencias bibliográficas
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29. Fowler MG, Lampe MA, Jamieson DJ, Kourtis AP, Rogers MF. Reducing the risk of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission: past successes, current progress and challenges, and future directions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 197(3 Suppl): S3-S9.
30. CDC. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR Suppl. 1987; 36(2): 1S-18S.
31. U.S. Public Health Service. Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001; 50(RR-11): 1-52.
32. CDC. Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus to Patients during Exposure-Prone Invasive Procedures MMWR. 1991; 40(RR08): 1-9.
33. Ogunremi T, Defalco K, Johnston BL, et al. Preventing transmission of bloodborne viruses from infected healthcare workers to patients: Summary of a new Canadian Guideline. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2019; 45(12): 317- 322.
34. CDC. Guidelines for Effective School Health Education to Prevent the Spread of AIDS MMWR. 1988; 37(S-2): 1.
35. Eisinger RW, Fauci AS. Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Mar; 24(3): 413–416.
36. Fauci AS, Marston HD. Ending the HIV-AIDS Pandemic- -Follow the Science. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(23): 2197- 2199.
37. Li J. Advances toward a cure for HIV: getting beyond n=2. Top Antivir Med. 2020; 27(4): 91-95.
38. Eisinger RW, Fauci AS. Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic1. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018; 24(3): 413-416. Doi:10.3201/eid2403.171797
39. Watts JM, Dang KK, Gorelick RJ, et al. Architecture and secondary structure of an entire HIV-1 RNA genome. Nature. 2009; 460(7256): 711-716.
40. Robinson HL. HIV/AIDS Vaccines: 2018. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 104(6): 1062-1073. Doi:10.1002/cpt.1208
41. Trovato M, D’Apice L, Prisco A, De Berardinis P. HIV Vaccination: A Roadmap among Advancements and Concerns. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(4): 1241.
42. Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, et al. Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV1 infection in Thailand. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(23): 2209-2220.
43. Bekker LG, Tatoud R, Dabis F, et al. The complex challenges of HIV vaccine development require renewed and expanded global commitment. Lancet. 2020; 395(10221): 384-388.
44. Fajardo-Ortiz D, López-Cervantes M, Durán L, et al. The emergence and evolution of the research fronts in HIV/ AIDS research. PLoS One. 2017; 12(5): e0178293.
2. CDC. Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Ángeles. MMWR. 1981; 30: 1–3.
3. Curran JW, Jaffe HW; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). AIDS: the early years and CDC’s response. MMWR Suppl. 2011; 60(4): 64-69.
4. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305(24): 1425-1431
5. Friedman-Kien AE. Disseminated Kaposi’s sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981; 5(4): 468-471.
6. Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases. Lancet. 1981; 2(8247): 598-600.
7. Durack DT. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305(24): 1465-1467.
8. CDC. A Cluster of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia among Homosexual Male Residents of Los Angeles and range Counties, California MMWR. 1982; 31(23): 305-7.
9. Greene WC. A history of AIDS: looking back to see ahead [published correction appears in Eur J Immunol. 2008 Jan; 38(1): 309]. Eur J Immunol. 2007; 37 Suppl 1: S94-S102.
10. CDC. Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Possible Transfusion-Associated Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – California. MMWR. 1982; 31(48): 652-4.
11. Montagnier L. 25 years after HIV discovery: prospects for cure and vaccine. Virology. 2010; 397(2): 248-254.
12. Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983; 220(4599): 868-871.
13. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLVIII) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science. 1984; 224(4648): 500-503.
14. CDC. Current Trends Prevention of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Report of Inter-Agency Recommendations MMWR. 1983; 32(8): 101-3.
15. CDC. AIDS and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: 1988 Update. MMWR. 1989; 38(S-4): 1-14.
16. ONUSIDA [Internet]. Hoja Informativa- Últimas estadísticas sobre el estado de la epidemia de SIDA, Día Mundial del Sida 2019. [Acceso: 8 de mayo de 2020]. Disponible en https://www.unaids.org/es/resources/fact-sheet
17. UNAIDS [Internet]. Data 2019. [Acceso: 8 de mayo de 2020]. Disponible en https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2019/2019-UNAIDS-data
18. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. HIV testing and care continuum (2018). [Acceso: 8 de mayo de 2020]. Disponible en https://www.who.int/hiv/data/2018_hiv-continuum-care.png.
19. Farmer K. AIDS as human suffering Daedalus Living with AIDS. 1989; 118(2): (Spring) 135-160.
20. Treichler PA. AIDS, homophobia and biomedical discourse: An epidemic of signification. Cultural Studies 1987; 1(3): 263-305.
21. Stein C, Cooter R. Visual Objects and Universal Meanings: AIDS Posters and the Politics of Globalisation and History. Medical History. 2011; 55: 85-108.
22. CDC. Current Trends Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Precautions for Clinical and Laboratory Staffs MMWR. 1982; 31(43): 577-80.
23. CDC. Current Trends Prevention of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Report of Inter-Agency Recommendations MMWR. 1983; 32(8): 101-3.
24. CDC. Antibodies to a Retrovirus Etiologically Associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Populations with Increased Incidences of the Syndrome. MMWR. 1984; 33(27): 377-9.
25. CDC. Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Public Health Service Guidelines for Counseling and Antibody Testing to Prevent HIV Infection and AIDS. MMWR. 1987; 36(31): 509-515.
26. Parekh BS, Ou CY, Fonjungo PN, et al. Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018; 32(1): e00064-18. Published 2018 Nov 28.
27. Current Trends Recommendations for Assisting in the Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of Human TLymphotropic Virus Type III/Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome MMWR. 1985, December 6; 34(48): 721-6,731-2.
28. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331(18): 1173-1180.
29. Fowler MG, Lampe MA, Jamieson DJ, Kourtis AP, Rogers MF. Reducing the risk of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission: past successes, current progress and challenges, and future directions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 197(3 Suppl): S3-S9.
30. CDC. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR Suppl. 1987; 36(2): 1S-18S.
31. U.S. Public Health Service. Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001; 50(RR-11): 1-52.
32. CDC. Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus to Patients during Exposure-Prone Invasive Procedures MMWR. 1991; 40(RR08): 1-9.
33. Ogunremi T, Defalco K, Johnston BL, et al. Preventing transmission of bloodborne viruses from infected healthcare workers to patients: Summary of a new Canadian Guideline. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2019; 45(12): 317- 322.
34. CDC. Guidelines for Effective School Health Education to Prevent the Spread of AIDS MMWR. 1988; 37(S-2): 1.
35. Eisinger RW, Fauci AS. Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Mar; 24(3): 413–416.
36. Fauci AS, Marston HD. Ending the HIV-AIDS Pandemic- -Follow the Science. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(23): 2197- 2199.
37. Li J. Advances toward a cure for HIV: getting beyond n=2. Top Antivir Med. 2020; 27(4): 91-95.
38. Eisinger RW, Fauci AS. Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic1. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018; 24(3): 413-416. Doi:10.3201/eid2403.171797
39. Watts JM, Dang KK, Gorelick RJ, et al. Architecture and secondary structure of an entire HIV-1 RNA genome. Nature. 2009; 460(7256): 711-716.
40. Robinson HL. HIV/AIDS Vaccines: 2018. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 104(6): 1062-1073. Doi:10.1002/cpt.1208
41. Trovato M, D’Apice L, Prisco A, De Berardinis P. HIV Vaccination: A Roadmap among Advancements and Concerns. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(4): 1241.
42. Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, et al. Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV1 infection in Thailand. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(23): 2209-2220.
43. Bekker LG, Tatoud R, Dabis F, et al. The complex challenges of HIV vaccine development require renewed and expanded global commitment. Lancet. 2020; 395(10221): 384-388.
44. Fajardo-Ortiz D, López-Cervantes M, Durán L, et al. The emergence and evolution of the research fronts in HIV/ AIDS research. PLoS One. 2017; 12(5): e0178293.
Cómo citar
[1]
Ruiz Sternberg, Ángela M. y Barajas Sandoval, E. 2020. VIH/SIDA, la pandemia del cambio de milenio. Medicina. 42, 2 (jul. 2020), 283–297. DOI:https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1522.
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Publicado
2020-07-18
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Historia de la Medicina
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Derechos de autor 2020 Medicina
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